Portugal Schooling: A Guide to the Portuguese Education System

The Portuguese education system provides free public education from ages six to 18 and is accessible to all residents. Portugal schooling includes three main stages: basic, secondary, and higher education. Private international schools are also available, offering different curricula for foreign students.

In this article, we break down how Portuguese schooling works, from compulsory education to higher learning. Learn what makes the Portuguese education system one of the best in the world, how it supports students, and what options are available for families relocating to Portugal.

Here’s what we’ll cover in this guide:

• The Portuguese education system
• Structure of education in Portugal
• Pre-school education in Portugal
• Basic education in Portugal
• Higher education in Portugal
• Portugal school fees

About the Portuguese Education System

The education system in Portugal is excellent and includes both public and private institutions. The Ministry of Education (Direção-Geral da Educação – DGE) regulates education from preschool through secondary school, while school groups (agrupamentos escolares) work closely with local municipalities to allocate funding and define the curriculum.

The Ministry of Science, Technology, and Higher Education (Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior—MCTES) oversees higher education policies and budgets.

In Portugal, you can choose between state (tuition-free) and private (fee-paying) education. Children can be enrolled in preschool before reaching the mandatory school age of six. For instance, in 2019, 92 percent of children attended preschool in Portugal, surpassing the OECD average of 88 percent.

While Portuguese is the primary language of instruction in state schools, expat families have many options to enroll their children in international schools, where they can study in their native language. This option can be especially beneficial if you plan to return to your home country, as your child will be familiar with the curriculum, easing the transition.

Understanding the stages of the Portuguese educational system, and the available options for your children is fundamental to deciding where to send them. In our Global Intelligence Unit’s Global Education Report, Portugal ranked 25th globally.

Structure of Education in Portugal

You can enroll your child in either a private or public school in Portugal. If you pick a private school, you can verify whether it’s certified by the relevant ministry. Regardless of whether you choose a state school or a private one, the education system in Portugal is the same. It consists of four stages and comprises the following educational levels:

School is mandatory from the ages of 6 to 18. After this, students can decide whether to continue at university. Even if your children are in international schools, we recommend that they learn Portuguese. The state offers free language courses and support to help children become more familiar with Portuguese from a young age.

Pre-School Education in Portugal

Pre school education, also known as pre-primary education, is optional for children aged three to five and is provided by kindergartens.

Portugal’s childcare services for children under three are governed by the Ministry of Labor, Solidarity, and Social Security (Ministério do Trabalho, Solidariedade e Segurança Social). Early childcare institutions are mainly privatized, allowing parents to choose between kindergartens (creches) or childminders (amas) who provide care at home.

Pre school education (Educação Pré-escolar) is free for 25 hours a week starting at age three. However, private pre-schools, including international schools, Montessori, and Waldorf institutions, charge tuition fees.

In 2022, the Portuguese government introduced a new scheme, making all daycare centers in the social sector free for children born on or after 1 September 2021. This initiative covers basic education, including meals, insurance costs, and physical education, with no tuition fees, aiming to serve 100,000 children by 2024, regardless of family income.

Though pre school is optional, working parents often choose it to help prepare their children for primary school, both socially and psychologically, and because they may be too busy to home-school. A parent teacher association can also provide guidance.

Basic Education in Portugal

Primary education, also known as basic education (Ensino Básico), in Portugal is universal, free of charge, and compulsory, covering nine years of schooling from ages 6 to 15. This education is divided into three consecutive cycles, each building on the knowledge and skills acquired in the previous one. Portugal has an extensive network of private and international primary schools providing basic education, with schools likely available near your residence.

The three cycles of primary education in Portugal last four, two, and three years, respectively. All children aged six by 15 September must be enrolled in school for that calendar year. Primary school is also known as elementary school. The Ministry of Education supervises all policies regarding state schools. The three primary cycles (escolas básicas) are as follows:

Primary education in Portugal is structured into three cycles lasting four, two, and three years, respectively. All children who turn six by 15 September must enroll in school that calendar year. Primary school, also known as elementary school, follows the guidelines set by the Ministry of Education, which oversees all state school policies. The three primary cycles (escolas básicas) are as follows:

Public primary schools in Portugal

Public schools in Portugal are free, making them the preferred choice for most Portuguese families. Parents only need to cover minor costs such as books, school meals, and occasional field trips.

The national curriculum, which includes subjects like Portuguese, mathematics, science, history, geography, and English (a mandatory subject), is consistent across all public schools.

This consistency contributes to Portugal’s ranking among Europe’s top ten English-speaking countries. Starting from Grade 7, students can also learn another foreign language, typically French or Spanish.

It’s important to enroll your child in a school close to your residence or workplace, and you must provide proof of address during the application process. Popular public schools may have waiting lists, so it’s advisable to register early.

While public schools in Portugal are highly regarded, international students who do not speak Portuguese may face challenges in understanding lessons. Expat parents might consider enrolling their children in international schools in Portugal or learning Portuguese themselves to help their children achieve fluency.

Private primary schools in Portugal

Private schools and international schools in Portugal offer students the chance to study in their native language while interacting with children from around the world. These schools also provide continuity in education for families who may relocate or return to their home country.

The benefits of private schools and international schools include smaller class sizes, a wider range of extra-curricular activities, and more modern facilities, with some schools offering boarding options. International schools, in particular, are popular among Golden Visa residents due to their high education standards and diverse curricula.

Admission processes for private schools and international schools vary, often requiring entrance exams, past school records, and sometimes personal interviews. Many parents opt for private education, confident that it will provide a world-class education, preparing their children to compete globally in university-level higher education.

Secondary Education in Portugal

Secondary education is considered mandatory education in Portugal, forming a critical stage in the Portuguese education system. This level primarily aims to enhance students’ knowledge and skills acquired during primary education, preparing them for higher education institutions and the job market.

Secondary education in Portugal lasts for three years, from Grade 10 to Grade 12. Students must hold a primary school certificate to gain admission into this level. The education system at this stage comprises general courses, artistic courses, and vocational or technical courses.

Completion of secondary education requires students to pass all subjects. Internal assessment grades account for 70% of the final grade, with the remaining 30% based on four mandatory national exams. Students must take two final exams in Grade 11, depending on their chosen scientific/humanities streams, and two in Grade 12, including Portuguese and another subject of their choice.

Upon passing these exams, students receive a diploma and certificate. Results from these exams are crucial for admission to tertiary education, including universities and polytechnic institutions.

Public secondary schools in Portugal

In Portugal, public secondary education (Ensino Secundário) is free, and the quality is generally good. The school curriculum mandates the study of core subjects like Portuguese, philosophy, physical education (PE), and a foreign language. However, other aspects of the curriculum depend on the student’s chosen stream.

Portuguese secondary school students can choose between vocational (Cursos Profissionais) or science-humanities streams (Cursos Científico-Humanísticos). Those in Cursos Profissionais study to achieve trade qualifications, which provide direct access to careers in fields like IT, design, or hospitality.

Meanwhile, the humanities science focus faculties more on academic subjects like visual arts, sciences, and humanities. Students aiming for a creative career can also choose a third option, taking a specialized artistic course (Cursos Artísticos Especializados).

Private secondary schools in Portugal

Independent organizations, including religious orders and private companies, operate private secondary schools in Portugal. These schools offer a more personalized approach, with smaller classes and more one-on-one attention. In exchange for tuition fees, private schools typically have access to more resources, such as modern classrooms and technology-based learning tools.

Private institutions are often seen as the best way to prepare students for higher education and their chosen career paths. They offer a challenging academic environment that helps students develop essential skills and knowledge.

Higher Education in Portugal

Portuguese higher education is a binary system that comprises the university and polytechnic systems and is well-regarded internationally.

Eight Portuguese universities are featured in the QS World University Rankings 2024, with the University of Porto and the University of Lisbon being the highest-ranked. Portugal’s higher education system was ranked 35th in the world in the first edition of the QS Higher Education System Strength Rankings.

In addition to its top universities, Portugal hosts several reputable polytechnic institutions that prepare students for specific career paths and offer vocational courses. While some subjects are exclusively taught at universities or polytechnics, there is considerable overlap. For instance, natural sciences, social sciences, visual arts, and law are typically covered by universities, while polytechnics focus on fields like tourism and social services. However, both universities and polytechnics offer degrees in areas such as engineering, management, and humanities.

Most courses, particularly at the bachelor’s level, are conducted in Portuguese. Nonetheless, several English-language programs are available at the graduate level, reflecting broader trends in European universities.

Portuguese Universities

Universities in Portugal provide bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees, emphasizing theoretical education and research. Both private and public universities are available, though private universities generally charge higher tuition fees.

These institutions offer places through unique admission processes for various categories, including sportspeople, mature applicants over the age of 23, international students, and individuals from other educational institutions.

Portugal is home to some of Europe’s oldest universities, including the University of Coimbra, founded in 1290.

A notable feature of Portuguese universities is their focus on internationalization. Many universities maintain partnerships with global institutions, facilitating study abroad opportunities and providing a global perspective. Additionally, several universities offer programs in English, making them accessible to international students.

Universities in Portugal offer a broad array of programs and specializations. From traditional fields like law and medicine to specialized areas such as renewable energy and biotechnology, there is a wide range of options available.

Polytechnic institutions

Polytechnic institutes in Portugal offer undergraduate and master’s degree programs focused on specific fields. These institutions are well-regarded for their vocational training and profession-based education, covering areas such as engineering, nursing, and design.

Polytechnic institutes are known for their emphasis on practical, hands-on learning. Students engage in project-based learning and practical research, applying classroom knowledge to real-world problems. This approach helps develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork skills.

The curriculum at polytechnic institutions is designed to be flexible, allowing students to tailor their studies to their interests and career goals. Students can select from various electives and are encouraged to participate in internships and co-op programs for real-world experience.

One prominent higher education institution is the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, renowned for its engineering, design, and technology programs. This polytechnic institute also features research centers focused on advanced technologies, including renewable energy, smart cities, and sustainable transportation.

Vocational Education in Portugal

Vocational education in Portugal plays a crucial role in preparing students for specific careers and equipping them with practical skills and knowledge.

Vocational education programs in Portugal encompass a wide range of fields, including technology, health, agriculture, tourism, and more. Students enrolled in these programs follow a curriculum that integrates theoretical knowledge with practical training, often through internships or work placements.

The country also has a well-established Vocational Education and Training (VET) system known as “Ensino Profissional.” This system is designed to provide students with a hands-on and practical approach to learning, preparing them for direct entry into the workforce.

Vocational education programs in Portugal typically span three years and are available at both the secondary and post-secondary levels. Students can pursue vocational education through specialized vocational schools, vocational courses within regular schools, or through apprenticeship programs.

Upon completing a vocational education program, students are awarded a professional qualification, certifying their skills and competencies in a specific field. This certification is valuable for entering the workforce directly or for pursuing further education.

Portugal has implemented a dual system in vocational education, where students divide their time between school-based learning and workplace-based training. This dual approach offers students real-world experience and supports a smoother transition into the workforce.

Other Schools in Portugal

International schools

Portugal international schools are ideal for expats. They offer a multicultural environment where students can engage with different cultures and learn in their native languages. These schools include British, American, French, and German schools, allowing students to follow a familiar curriculum. International schools are an important component of the public vs. private school debate, especially for expat families.

International families, especially Americans moving to Portugal, will find that school fees are relatively affordable compared to North American and European countries, starting at around €5,000 per year.

Some of the best international schools in Portugal include St. Julian’s School in Carcavelos and the Oporto British School. Most of these schools are concentrated in Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve.

Boarding schools

Boarding schools in Portugal are prestigious institutions primarily located around Lisbon and the Algarve. These unique schools provide students with a comprehensive educational experience. Tuition fees for boarding schools can be around €30,000 a year.

Religious schools

Religious orders, such as the Catholic Church, run religious schools in Portugal. These schools provide a strong moral and religious education, teaching students about their faith and its importance in their lives. Religious educational institutions also focus on teaching students the core subjects, such as Math, Science, and Languages. However, they also teach students about the history and culture of their faith and how it influences their lives.

These schools give students an insight into the traditions and beliefs of their faith, helping them to develop a deeper understanding of their religion. Many parents choose these schools because they perform better in the annual exams (in Portuguese) and offer a wider range of extracurricular activities.

Professional schools

In Portugal, professional schools (Escolas Profissionais) offer vocational training within the secondary education system. These schools cater to students who have completed their basic education and seek practical skills for specific careers. Unlike traditional academic high schools, these schools prioritize hands-on learning, with theoretical instruction complemented by practical workshops and internships.

Students at these schools graduate with a Diploma de Curso Profissional, a qualification that allows for immediate entry into the workforce or further vocational training. Programs cover tourism, hospitality, information technology, healthcare, and administration.

Professional schools in Portugal are either publicly or privately funded. Public professional schools are government-funded and offer tuition-free education, making them accessible to many students. Private professional schools charge fees but may offer additional resources or specialized programs.

Portugal School Fees

Wondering how much it costs to study in Portugal? Public schools up to a certain education level are tuition-free for citizens and foreign residents alike. However, if you’re considering private schooling, be prepared for varying costs, with the private school tuition ranging between €400 and €500 per month from primary to high school level.

Moving on to higher education, public university institutions generally charge tuition fees for Bachelor’s and Master’s programs, typically falling between €1,000 to €1,500 per academic year for EU/EEA students. These fees may be slightly higher for non-EU/EEA foreign students, often falling between €3,000 and €5,000 per academic year. Conversely, private universities tend to have higher tuition fees, ranging from €3,000 to €12,500 per academic year, applicable to EU/EEA and non-EU/EEA foreign students.

If you’re considering an international school for your children, be prepared for higher tuition fees. Monthly costs typically hover around €800. The minimum monthly fee at an international school in Portugal is around €40, but these prices can escalate to as much as €1,800 depending on the school level. Make sure to also factor in potential costs for uniforms, books, and other school supplies as you budget for education in Portugal.

Financial aid and scholarships

In Portugal, students can benefit from different types of scholarships available in government and higher education institutions for local and international students.

As a member of the EU, Portugal takes part in all EU-derived scholarships, like Erasmus Mundus programs, etc. In Portugal, several private and semi-private organizations and institutes offer scholarships for study in the Portuguese language and culture, sciences, and technology.

Children from low-income families can also apply for government support in Portugal. Parents can request financial aid, known as Ação Social Escolar (ASE), through their school. They can also apply for a family allowance (abono de família).

It is worth mentioning that the Portuguese government also provides financial support for children with disabilities; their families can request financial aid to get at least one of the following subsidies through the Portuguese social security system (Segurança Social):

• Disability bonus (Bonificação do abono de família para crianças e jovens com deficiência).
• Special schooling subsidy (Subsídio de educação especial).
• Support for assistance by a third person (Subsídio por assistência de 3ª pessoa).

Children can get different financial support options to cover their school tuition fees. Parents can talk to the school management and show proof of their low-income status to discuss the available options for their children. Private universities tend to be more expensive than public universities.

Choosing the Best School in Portugal for Your Children

Choosing the best school in Portugal for your children involves considering various factors to ensure a well-rounded and suitable educational environment. Here are some key considerations:

Location: Start by considering the location of the school. Look for schools that are conveniently located in proximity to your home or work to minimize commute times.

School curriculum: Different schools may follow different curricula, such as the Portuguese national curriculum, the International Baccalaureate (IB), or other international programs. Choose a curriculum that aligns with your educational preferences and future plans for your children.

Language of instruction: Determine the language of instruction at the school. While many schools in Portugal teach in Portuguese, there are also international schools that may offer instruction in English or other languages. Consider your child’s language proficiency and your family’s language preferences.

Facilities and resources: Visit schools to assess their facilities, classrooms, libraries, sports facilities, and other resources. A well-equipped and comfortable learning environment contributes to a positive educational experience.

Extracurricular activities: Evaluate the availability of extracurricular activities, such as sports, arts, music, and clubs. These activities can play a crucial role in the overall development and engagement of your child.

School reputation: Research the reputation of the school within the local community and among other parents. Online reviews, testimonials, and word-of-mouth can provide insights into the school’s strengths and weaknesses.

School culture and values: Understand the school’s culture and values. Consider whether they align with your family’s beliefs and expectations for your child’s education.

Accreditation: Check if relevant educational authorities or international accreditation bodies accredit the school. Accreditation ensures that the school meets certain quality standards.

By carefully considering these factors, you can make an informed decision and choose the best school in Portugal that suits the unique needs and preferences of your children and family.

Changing Schools in Portugal

Children can change schools freely in Portugal. Your home address is one of the main requirements while applying for a new school or changing your current one. Children can change schools anytime during the year; there just needs to be a good reason for the transfer, e.g., moving area.

Parents who want a say and involvement in their children’s school can join the Associação de Pais – Parent Teacher Association (PTA). If you’re an expat parent, we’d recommend brushing up on your Portuguese – all PTA meetings are primarily held in Portuguese.

Support for Expat Students in Portugal

In Portugal, there is always a place for expats and their children. Hence, some schools offer Portuguese language support classes for students who don’t speak Portuguese. Just be aware that this language support is not the norm in every city and only exists in bigger cities like Lisbon or Porto.

Alternatively, you might want to consider schools that offer bilingual programs. You can contact the High Commission for Migration (Alto Comissariado para as Migrações – ACM) with any education-related questions.

Support for Children with Special Educational Needs

Portugal aims to establish an inclusive educational system (sistema educativo inclusive) to ensure equal opportunities for children with special needs. As part of this initiative, many mainstream schools provide special educational needs (SEN) programs.

Additionally, the Ministry of Education has released a list of state schools that actively promote inclusion.

Children under the age of six can access specialized teachers at their homes or attend a kindergarten if their parents are working. They can then enroll in a primary school and receive an Individual Educational Plan (IEP) tailored to their specific learning needs.

For instance, the IEP may include specific learning tools or special exam conditions. Children receive a transition plan at the end of their schooling to help them move into adulthood. Schools with special education services are available in major cities across Portugal, equipped with facilities for children with hearing or visual impairments and developmental disabilities.

Moreover, various organizations provide additional support. For example, CADIn, a non-profit organization, assists families with children who have neurodevelopmental disorders.

Portugal and Homeschooling

Homeschooling is legal in Portugal, but it’s not a very common option, and a really small number of children have been enrolled in homeschooling or individual teaching lately.

Most parents prefer to choose schools out of ease. For instance, children who receive homeschooling must have an individual tutor with a university degree and live in the same house as the children. They must also sit annual exams, which are in Portuguese.

For more information, you can visit the website of Movimento Educação Livre (MEL), which is one of the leading homeschool associations in Portugal.

Exploring Visa and Immigration Options for Portugal

If you're considering making the move to Portugal, it's essential to be informed about the various visa and residency options available. The Golden Visa Portugal program is an attractive option for many, offering residency to investors and their families. For those eyeing retirement in this beautiful country, the Portugal D7 Visa is tailored for you. Digital nomads can take advantage of both short and long-stay options with the Digital Nomad Visa (D8). 

For the entrepreneurial spirit, Portugal offers the Entrepreneurship/startup Visa (D2) - Start-up Visa (open company) tailored for those looking to establish their businesses in the country. Those with specialized skills can explore the Work visa for highly qualified employees (D3). Additionally, if you have Portuguese ancestry, you might be eligible for Citizenship by descent. 

However, moving to a new country isn't just about visas. If you're thinking of buying property, our guide on Buying Property in Portugal can offer invaluable insights. Dive deeper into the immigration process with our comprehensive Portugal immigration guide. For Americans specifically looking to relocate, we have curated information on Americans moving to Portugal. Lastly, one can't forget the importance of the NIF (Tax Identification Number), a crucial step in any relocation process. 

Frequently Asked Questions about the Portuguese Education System

Does Portugal have a good education system?

Yes, Portugal has an excellent education system that offers a variety of options for both local and international children. Basic education consists of nine years of schooling divided into three cycles, including primary and secondary education. The system includes both public and private schools, with private secondary schools and international schools offering different curricula.

What are the stages of the Portuguese education system?

The Portuguese education system is divided into pre-school education, basic education, and upper secondary education. Preschool education starts from age three, primary education begins at age six and lasts until 15, and upper secondary education prepares students for higher education or vocational training.

How different is the Portuguese school system in comparison to other European Union schools?

The Portuguese school system is similar to other EU systems in terms of structure and quality, following the Bologna Process for higher education. Portugal’s emphasis on inclusivity and support for diverse student needs distinguishes its system.

The integration of cultural and linguistic education reflects the country’s heritage and aligns with broader EU educational goals.

Is education mandatory in Portugal?

Schooling is mandatory from ages six to 18, covering the entire basic and secondary education period. Public schools in Portugal do not charge fees. Although the quality can vary significantly, some public schools are highly respected and considered superior to private ones.

What curricula are offered in Portuguese private schools?

Portuguese private schools generally offer a range of curricula, including the national curriculum and international options like the International Baccalaureate (IB) and British or American programs. These schools often provide bilingual education in English and Portuguese, and some offer specialized programs in various fields.

The school curriculum in private schools can be tailored to meet diverse educational needs.

What is the general school-going age in Portugal?

Schooling is compulsory from ages six to 18 – the entirety of the basic and secondary education period. Public schools in Portugal are free. Though quality can vary greatly, some are highly respected and considered superior to private schools.

Is university education free in Portugal?

University education in Portugal is not free but is relatively affordable compared to many other European countries. Public universities and polytechnic institutes have lower tuition fees than private institutions.

The system adheres to the European Bologna Process, ensuring that university degrees from Portuguese institutions are recognized across the EU. Financial support is available through scholarships and grants.

Are Portuguese school fees affordable?

Portuguese school fees for public education are minimal, with no tuition for basic education, including primary and secondary education. Private and international schools charge tuition, which can vary.

Despite these costs, many families find private school fees in Portugal to be more affordable than in other European countries, and financial support may be available in some cases.

Are there international schools in Portugal?

Yes, there are many international schools in Portugal, particularly in cities like Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve region. These schools offer various international curricula, including the International Baccalaureate and the British or American systems. International schools in Portugal are popular among expats and Portuguese families seeking a more globally-oriented education for their children.

What support is there for immigrant children in Portuguese schools?

Portuguese schools provide various supports for immigrant children, including language support to help them integrate. Educational support is available to meet the needs of immigrant students, including foreign language classes to facilitate learning Portuguese.

Schools actively promote inclusion to assist these students in adapting to their new environment.

Do schools in Portugal facilitate in English?

Public schools in Portugal primarily use Portuguese for instruction, though some offer language support for non-native speakers. For families seeking education in English, international schools in Portugal provide curricula in English and other languages, making them popular among expat families. Private secondary schools may also offer bilingual education.

What is a typical school day in Portugal?

School days in Portugal typically start between 8:30 and 9:30 and end around 16:00 or 18:00, depending on the school. The length of the school day includes instruction time and breaks. Schools may vary in their schedules based on type and level of education, including pre-school, primary, and secondary education.

Are schools free in Portugal?

Public schools in Portugal are free up to certain educational levels, including primary and secondary education. However, private schools charge tuition fees. Additional costs for school supplies, uniforms, and activities may apply, but public education remains accessible.

What is the Portugal Study visa application process?

First, in the process of obtaining a Portugal Study Visa, you must secure admission to a recognized educational institution in Portugal. Once accepted, you must submit a visa application, which includes proof of acceptance, financial means, and accommodation, among other requirements.