Moving to Europe from UK: Navigating Post-Brexit Challenges

Post-Brexit, moving to Europe from the UK requires more planning but the appeal remains strong.

Europe offers diverse opportunities for everyone from investors and digital nomads to students and expats: from Golden Visa programs and tax-friendly countries to safe cities with excellent health and education infrastructure.

This guide breaks down everything you need to know about moving to Europe from the UK, including visa requirements, customs rules, tax implications, and the best countries to consider for your next chapter abroad.

• Do British citizens need a visa to live in Europe?
• Moving to Europe from the UK Visa: Requirements and Permits
• Moving from UK to Europe: Customs and Shipping Rules
• Healthcare and Insurance When Moving to Europe from the UK
• Best Countries for Moving to Europe as a British citizen
• Frequently Asked Questions

Do British citizens need a visa to live in Europe?

Yes, British citizens need a visa or permit to live in Europe for longer than 90 days.

Following Brexit, UK nationals are now considered third-country nationals when moving to EU countries.

The UK’s exit from the European Union brought a significant shift in freedom of movement, changing how British citizens can live, work, or retire in European Union and surrounds.

Prior to Brexit, UK nationals could move freely across EU member states without visas or work permits.

UK nationals can visit EU countries visa-free for up to 90 days within any 180-day period for tourism or business purposes.

Moving to Europe from the UK: Visa Requirements and Permits

Any stay longer than 90 days, or stays for specific purposes like work or study, require appropriate visas and permits.

Here are the most common visa categories and residence permits for UK citizens moving to Europe.

Long-stay visas

For those planning to live in Europe beyond 90 days, long-stay visas (known as Type D or Schengen visas) are essential. These country-specific visas are typically issued for work, study, family reunification and retirement.

Other long-term purposes include the intention to eventually establish permanent residency and those wanting to apply for residency by investment as it is a requirement of these programs.

National residence permits

Following the issuance of a long-stay visa, most countries require you to apply for a national residence permit. These permits are issued by individual EU countries (not the EU as a whole) and are typically valid for one to five years, depending on the country and visa category.

Common requirements for residence permits include:

• Proof of sufficient income or savings.
• Confirmed accommodation arrangements.
• Comprehensive health insurance coverage.
• Clean criminal background check.
• Valid passport and visa documentation.

Work authorization

UK nationals must now secure employer-sponsored work visas to legally work in EU countries. The specific requirements and processes vary by country, but generally require a job offer before applying. Some countries offer additional pathways for skilled workers:

• EU Blue Card: Available in most EU countries for highly skilled professionals with university degrees or significant professional experience. Countries like Germany and the Netherlands have active Blue Card programs.
• Skilled worker visas: Many countries have specific visa categories for in-demand professions.

Moving from UK to Europe: Customs and Shipping Rules

Since Brexit, shipping goods from the United Kingdom to the EU is no longer considered internal trade and is now subject to customs checks and potential fees.

Personal belongings and household goods

You’ll need to declare your belongings when entering an EU country. To avoid paying VAT or customs duties on personal items, you may be eligible for Transfer of Residence (ToR) relief, provided:

• You’ve owned the goods for more than 6 months.
• You’re moving to the EU permanently.
• You apply within 12 months of moving.

Restricted items

There are restrictions on certain items such as:

• Plants, seeds, and animal products.
• Firearms, alcohol, and tobacco.
• High-value electronics (which may trigger import duties).

Professional movers can help with inventory lists, documentation, and ensuring compliance with customs regulations.

Moving to Europe from the UK: Tax Considerations

Once you become a resident in an EU country, you may become liable for taxes in your new home, which includes income tax, capital gains, and potentially wealth or inheritance taxes.

Tax residency rules

Your country of tax residence is determined by where you spend more than 183 days a year or if your center of vital interests (for example your home, family or income) is based in a particular country.

Even if you continue to earn income in the United Kingdom (such as rental income), local tax laws may still apply.

Double taxation agreements

The United Kingdom has double taxation treaties with most European countries. These can prevent you from being taxed twice on the same income.

For example, if you pay tax on UK rental income in the United Kingdom, you may get a tax credit for it in your new country of residence.

Key points for investors and high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs)

• Consider estate planning and local inheritance laws, which differ sharply across Europe.
• Some countries offer tax incentives for new residents.
• Wealth taxes in countries like Spain and France may affect your assets, depending on residency status. Check out our guide to European countries with no wealth tax.

Healthcare and Insurance When Moving to Europe from the UK

Accessing healthcare in Europe post-Brexit is no longer automatic. The European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) is still valid for some, but only for short stays.

Long-term residents may need to arrange health coverage that meets local standards. Countries like, for example, Germany, Spain and Portugal allows access to public or national healthcare services immediately upon registration or as soon as contributions have been made.

For visa applications, many EU countries require proof of private health insurance that covers you in the destination country, is valid for your entire stay and has a minimum level of coverage (often €30,000 or more).

6 Best Countries to Move to in Europe as a British Citizen

1. Portugal

Best for: Remote workers, retirees, investors, and families seeking a relaxed lifestyle with access to top-tier healthcare and English-speaking communities.

Portugal continues to be one of the most attractive destinations for British expats, thanks to its mild climate, low cost of living, and friendly residency pathways.

Popular visas for UK citizens:

• Portugal D7 Visa: For individuals with passive income (such as pensions, rental income, or dividends). A common route for retirees and financially independent expats.
• Portugal Digital Nomad Visa: Launched in 2022, it allows remote workers to reside in Portugal for an initial 4 months and then you can apply for a renewable 2-year residence permit. Income requirements and application details should be verified with current Portuguese immigration authorities.
• Portugal Golden Visa: Following significant changes in 2023, the program now focuses primarily on fund-based investments and job creation routes. Successful applicants can obtain permanent residency and eventually Portugal citizenship.

2. Spain

Best for: Retirees, freelancers, remote workers, and families looking for a Mediterranean lifestyle with good infrastructure and English-speaking support.

Spain is a long-time favorite for British citizens, offering a mix of cultural richness, sunny coastlines, and vibrant cities. It’s especially popular with retirees and digital nomads.

Popular visas for UK citizens:

• Spain Non-Lucrative Visa: Requires proof of sufficient passive income and is ideal for retirees or those not seeking employment in Spain.
• Spain Digital Nomad Visa: Introduced in 2023, this visa allows non-EU remote workers to live and work in Spain. The visa is typically issued for initial periods with renewal options. Applicants must meet minimum income requirements (currently based on multiples of Spain’s minimum wage) and work for non-Spanish companies.

3. Germany

Best for: Skilled professionals, entrepreneurs, and young families seeking economic stability, top-tier education, and modern infrastructure.

As Europe’s largest economy, Germany attracts skilled workers, business founders, and families looking for long-term security and opportunity. It also offers one of the best passports for expats.

Popular visas for UK citizens:

• Job Seeker Visa: Grants six months to find employment in Germany, provided you meet education and experience criteria.
• EU Blue Card: Ideal for highly skilled professionals with a valid job offer in Germany. Salary thresholds are updated annually and vary for shortage occupations. Current minimum salary requirements should be verified with German immigration authorities.
• Freelancer Visa (Freiberufler): Available to artists, language professionals, IT consultants, and other self-employed professionals. Requires demonstration of sustainable income and often contracts with German clients.

4. Croatia

Best for: Digital nomads, retirees, and families seeking a slower pace of life, scenic coastal living, and affordable real estate options.

As a full EU member since 2013 and Schengen Area member since 2023, Croatia offers stunning Adriatic coastlines, a warm climate, and growing digital nomad infrastructure.

Popular visas for UK citizens:

• Croatia Digital Nomad Visa: Allows non-EU nationals working remotely for foreign companies to stay for up to one year. Tax obligations may apply depending on individual circumstances and should be verified with Croatian tax authorities.
• Temporary Stay Residence Permit: For retirees or financially independent individuals. Requires proof of sufficient funds, confirmed accommodation, and comprehensive private health insurance coverage.

5. Italy

Best for: Culture lovers, retirees, and remote workers seeking a relaxed Mediterranean lifestyle with access to rich history, world-class cuisine, and vibrant cities.

Italy offers a balance of tradition and modernity, making it a popular destination for British expats and digital nomads. From scenic coastal towns to cosmopolitan cities like Milan and Rome, the country is ideal for those who value lifestyle as much as opportunity.

Popular visas for UK citizens:

• Elective Residency Visa: Aimed at financially self-sufficient individuals, particularly retirees. Applicants must show stable passive income and secure accommodation. This visa does not permit employment in Italy.
• Italy Digital Nomad Visa: As of 2025, Italy is expected to fully implement its digital nomad visa for non-EU remote workers. Details may vary by region, but the visa will likely require a minimum income threshold and private health insurance.
• Self-Employment Visa: Ideal for entrepreneurs and freelancers planning to set up a business or work independently in Italy. Requires a solid business plan and proof of income. Keep in mind that there are only a limited number available and there is a yearly quota established by the government.

6. Malta

Best for: Remote workers, retirees, and investors seeking year-round sunshine, English-speaking locals, and favorable tax incentives.

Malta offers a unique mix of Mediterranean charm and Commonwealth familiarity. It has positioned itself as a flexible and attractive destination for global citizens through streamlined visa programs and residency options.

Popular visas for UK citizens:

• Nomad Residence Permit: Designed for remote workers earning a minimum of €2,700 per month, this visa allows UK citizens to reside in Malta while working for a non-Maltese employer or business. Valid for one year and renewable.
• Malta Residency by Investment Program (also known as the MPRP): This scheme offers permanent residence through a combination of government contributions, property rental and/or purchase, and background checks. This is not a work visa, but an ideal option for HNWIs and retirees.
• Malta Global Residence Permit: Available to EU and non-EU nationals with sufficient income. Requires proof of accommodation (such as a rental agreement) and health insurance. Especially popular among pensioners and long-term residents.

Frequently Asked Questions About Moving to Europe From UK

Can UK citizens still move to Europe after Brexit?

Yes, UK citizens can still move to Europe, but now they must meet the immigration requirements of individual EU countries, such as applying for a visa or residence permit.

What visas do UK citizens need to move to Europe?

The visa type depends on the destination and purpose. Popular options include long-stay visas, work permits, retirement visas, and digital nomad visas.

What is the 90/180-day rule for UK citizens in Europe?

UK citizens can stay in the Schengen Area (which includes most EU countries) visa-free for up to 90 days within any 180-day period. Longer stays require a national visa or residence permit.

Do I need a residence permit to live in Europe as a UK citizen?

Yes, if you plan to live in an EU country for more than 90 days, you must apply for a residence permit in the intended country before or shortly after arrival.

Can UK citizens work in Europe after Brexit?

Yes, but they must secure a valid work visa or permit before starting employment. Rules vary by country and job type.

Can retirees from the UK move to Europe?

Yes, many European countries welcome UK retirees and this region includes some of the best places for expats to retire. Many offer retirement or non-lucrative visas, provided they meet income and healthcare requirements.

How does healthcare work for UK citizens living in Europe?

Healthcare access will vary by country. Many require expats to have private health insurance or to enroll in the local health system.

Can UK citizens use the GHIC card in European countries?

Yes, you can use the UK’s GHIC card. It allows you to get necessary state healthcare in the European Union as well as the European Economic Area (EEA). However, it only covers short stays and has other limitations.

Are there tax implications when moving to Europe from the UK?

Yes. You may become a tax resident in your new country and could be subject to income, capital gains, or wealth taxes. Double taxation treaties may apply.

How does moving to Europe affect UK pensions?

UK pensions can generally still be received abroad. However, you may face different tax treatments depending on your country of residence.

Can UK citizens buy property in Europe?

Yes, UK citizens can still buy property in most European countries, though property ownership does not automatically grant residency rights.

What documents are required for UK citizens to move to Europe?

Typical requirements include a valid passport, visa application, proof of income, accommodation details, health insurance, and sometimes a criminal background check.