Having second citizenship is no longer a luxury. It’s a strategic necessity for global investors and families seeking freedom and security. Whether your goal is visa-free travel, tax optimization, or a reliable Plan B, the best citizenship by investment programs provide a fast and legal solution.
Citizenship by Investment allows individuals to obtain a second passport through a qualifying contribution, typically via real estate investment, government donations, or business funding. These programs go beyond a travel document, offering global mobility, wealth diversification, and a better quality of life.
Choosing the right program in 2025 depends on factors like minimum investment, processing time, passport strength, and family inclusion. From affordable Caribbean options to prestigious European citizenship programs, there’s a solution for every investor.
This guide covers:
- What is Citizenship by Investment?
- 12 Best Citizenship by Investment programs in 2025
- Top Citizenship by Investment Programs Comparison 2025
- Investment Options for Citizenship by Investment
- Benefits of Getting Citizenship by Investment
- Alternative to CBI: 10 Residency by Investment Programs
- Frequently Asked Questions
What is Citizenship by Investment?
Citizenship by Investment (CBI) refers to a legal process allowing foreign investors to acquire citizenship in a second country by making a qualifying financial contribution.
Unlike traditional immigration processes that take years, CBI programs grant a second passport, and the advantages of dual citizenship, in mere months.
Common investment routes include:
- Government donations (such as National Development Funds).
- Real estate investments (including government-approved projects).
- Business investments.
- Government bonds.
Governments are increasingly leveraging CBI programs to boost national revenue, create jobs, and channel capital into strategic sectors, according to insights from the Global RCBI Report. For example, in 2021 and 2022, Portugal’s Golden Visa attracted over €6.8 billion in revenue from foreign investors.
These citizenship programs are designed to benefit both investors and citizenship by investment countries by creating economic growth while giving successful applicants access to visa-free travel, global mobility, and tax optimization.
12 Best Citizenship by Investment Programs in 2025
Here are the most reputable and in-demand citizenship by investment programs currently active for investors:
1. Antigua and Barbuda Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: $230,000
- Processing time: 4 to 5 months
- Residency requirement: Five days in five years
The two-island nation of Antigua and Barbuda’s Citizenship by Investment program is among the most affordable Caribbean citizenship plans. It offers dual citizenship and global mobility for investors and families. Applicants can contribute to the National Development Fund (NDF) or opt for investing in real estate.
Key benefits of the Antigua and Barbuda Citizenship by Investment program:
- Visa-free travel to 148 countries, including Schengen nations.
- Multiple investment options, including the University of the West Indies Fund.
- The most affordable program for a family of four.
- Access to Caribbean passports with tax benefits and a relaxed lifestyle
2. Austria Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: €3 million+
- Processing time: Discretionary (case-by-case)
- Residency requirement: None
The Austria citizenship by investment programs is one of the most exclusive in the world, making it a highly sought-after option for high-net-worth individuals seeking EU citizenship.
Unlike most CBI programs, Austria’s route is not based on a simple donation but requires foreign direct investment into an Austrian business with significant economic impact.
Applicants must make a qualifying investment of at least €3 million (and often €8 to 10 million) into sectors such as innovation, manufacturing, or job creation, which directly support economic growth. Each application is assessed individually and granted at the discretion of the Austrian government, ensuring a rigorous due diligence process.
Key benefits of the Austria CBI program:
- EU citizenship with one of the strongest passports globally.
- Visa-free travel to 190+ countries worldwide.
- Residence in one of the world’s safest countries (ranked 5th in the Global Peace Index).
3. Dominica Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: $200,000
- Processing time: 6 to 9 months
- Residency requirement: None
Dominica offers one of the most affordable citizenship by investment programs in the Caribbean region, allowing investors to acquire citizenship through a donation to the Economic Diversification Fund (EDF) or a property investment option.
Key benefits of the Dominica Citizenship by Investment program:
- Lowest-cost CBI program for single successful applicants.
- Visa-free travel access to 138 destinations.
- Real estate investment option with family inclusion at no extra cost.
- No mandatory visits or interviews required.
4. Egypt Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: $250,000
- Processing time: 6 to 9 months
- Residency requirement: None
Egypt offers one of the newest citizenship by investment programs in the region, providing several investment routes. The program allows family inclusion and offers an affordable path to dual citizenship, although its passport strength is lower than Caribbean or EU options.
Key benefits of the Egyptian Citizenship by Investment program:
- Multiple investment options for flexibility.
- Fast processing time compared to traditional routes.
- Opportunity for real estate ownership and business opportunities.
5. Grenada Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: $235,000
- Processing time: 9 months
- Residency requirement: None
Grenada’s citizenship by investment program is one of the top options of the Caribbean countries, especially for those seeking access to the US E-2 Visa. Applicants can contribute to the National Transformation Fund or choose a government-approved real estate investment option.
Key benefits of the Grenada Citizenship by Investment program:
- Visa-free travel to 140 destinations, including China.
- Exclusive route to the US E-2 Visa through treaty rights.
- Family inclusion for dependent parents and siblings.
- Low natural disaster risk compared to other Caribbean nations.
6. Jordan Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: $750,000
- Processing time: 3 to 6 months
- Residency requirement: None
Jordan provides a rare citizenship by investment program in the Middle East, appealing to foreign investors interested in regional opportunities and property investment.
Key benefits of the Jordan Citizenship by Investment program:
- The only Middle Eastern country with a CBI option.
- Visa-free travel to 85+ destinations.
- Strategic location for business opportunities.
- Affordable real estate options compared to other programs.
7. Nauru Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: $100,000
- Processing time: 2 to 3 months
- Residency requirement: None
Nauru offers one of the most affordable citizenship by investment programs, requiring a non-refundable donation to the government. While the passport provides limited visa-free travel access compared to European and Caribbean citizenship programs, it is an attractive option for cost-conscious investors seeking a second passport quickly.
Key benefits of the Nauru CBI program:
- Among the cheapest citizenship by investment options worldwide.
- Quick processing time with minimal documentation.
- Strategic choice for those seeking a Plan B passport or tax flexibility.
8. North Macedonia Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: €200,000
- Time to citizenship: 6 to 12 months
- Residency requirement: None
North Macedonia provides a cost-effective route to European citizenship through a contribution to a government development fund.
Key benefits of the North Macedonia CBI program:
- Visa-free travel to 140+ destinations.
- Affordable compared to other European citizenship programs.
- Attractive tax incentives for investors.
9. St Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: $250,000
- Processing time: 4 to 6 months
- Residency requirement: None
St. Kitts and Nevis offers the oldest and most reputable Caribbean citizenship by investment program, with contributions to the Sustainable Island State Contribution (SISC) or government-approved real estate investment options.
Key benefits of the St. Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment program:
- Visa-free and visa-on-arrival access to 160 destinations.
- Diverse property investment routes, including commercial and residential.
- Highest ranking in the Investment Index among specifically Caribbean citizenship by investment programs.
10. St Lucia Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: $240,000
- Processing time: 10 to 12 months
- Residency requirement: None/li>
St. Lucia offers a flexible citizenship by investment program with multiple investment options, including donations, real estate investments, and government bonds.
Key benefits of the St. Lucia Citizenship by Investment program:
- Visa-free access to 142 destinations.
- Attractive bond option for risk-averse investors.
- Property investment option at competitive pricing.
- Family inclusion with no additional costs on bond investments.
11. Turkey Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: $400,000
- Processing time: 12 months
- Residency requirement: None
Turkey’s citizenship by investment program is popular for its affordability and strategic location bridging Europe and Asia. Investors can qualify through a real estate investment of at least $400,000.
Key benefits of the Turkey citizenship by investment program:
- Visa-free and visa-on-arrival to 134 destinations.
- One of the few CBI programs offering US E-2 Visa eligibility.
- Strong economy (the only CBI country that’s part of the top 20 economies in the world by GDP) and excellent business opportunities.
- No restriction on investing in government-approved real estate projects.
12. Vanuatu Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
- Minimum amount: $130,000
- Processing time: 60 days
- Residency requirement: None
Vanuatu offers the fastest citizenship by investment program, granting approval in as little as 60 days for those who make a donation to the Development Support Program.
Key benefits of the Vanuatu Citizenship by investment program:
- Fastest CBI processing globally (2 months).
- No income tax or wealth tax on worldwide income.
- Corporate tax exemptions available for investors.
Top Citizenship by Investment Programs Comparison 2025
When comparing the best citizenship by investment programs, investors often consider visa-free travel, investment amount, passport strength, and quality of life. Global Citizen Solutions’ Global Passport Index ranks countries based on Enhanced Mobility, Investment Requirements, and Quality of Life, which are all factors that influence the overall value of a second passport.
Below is a comparison of some of the best citizenship programs:
| Country | Minimum Investment | Processing Time | Residency Requirement | Visa-Free Destinations | Family Inclusion | Key Features |
| Antigua and Barbuda | $230,000 | 4 to 5 months | 5 days | 150+ | Yes (Spouse, children, parents) | Affordable for families, minimal stay requirement |
| Austria | €3,000,000+ | Discretionary | None | 190+ | Yes (Spouse, children) | EU citizenship, strongest passport in CBI programs |
| Dominica | $200,000 | 6 to 9 months | None | 140+ | Yes (Spouse, children, parents) | Low investment, no residency requirement |
| Egypt | $250,000 | 6 to 12 months | None | 50+ | Yes (Spouse, children) | Affordable Middle East program, strategic hub |
| Grenada | $235,000 | 9 months | None | 145+ | Yes (Spouse, children, parents, siblings) | E-2 Visa treaty with USA, strong Caribbean passport |
| Jordan | $750,000 | 3 to 6 months | None | 85+ | Yes (Spouse, children) | Unique Middle East option, strategic location |
| Nauru | $105,000 | 3 to 6 months | None | 90+ | Yes (Spouse, children) | World’s cheapest CBI program |
| North Macedonia | €200,000 | 6 to 12 months | None | 130+ | Yes (Spouse, children) | Cheapest European CBI option |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | $250,000 | 4 to 6 months | None | 160+ | Yes (Spouse, children, parents) | Oldest CBI program, strong passport |
| St. Lucia | $240,000 | 10 to 12 months | None | 145+ | Yes (Spouse, children, parents) | Government bonds option, affordable CBI program |
| Turkey | $400,000 | 12 months | None | 110+ | Yes (Spouse, children) | Business opportunities, gateway to EU & Asia |
| Vanuatu | $130,000 | 60 days | None | 95+ | Yes (Spouse, children) | Fastest processing, no income tax |
Investment Options for Citizenship by Investment
When exploring the best citizenship by investment programs, understanding the available investment options is key. While every country sets its own requirements, most CBI programs fall into one of the following categories:
1. Real estate investment
One of the most popular routes for acquiring a second passport is through real estate investment. This option involves purchasing government-approved real estate projects such as luxury villas, apartments, or resort properties. Investors benefit from potential capital gains and rental income, making it both a lifestyle and financial choice.
Example: Antigua and Barbuda, St. Lucia, and Turkey offer property investment options starting from $200,000.
2. Government donation
Many programs require a non-refundable contribution to a National Development Fund or state fund. This is often the fastest way to obtain citizenship, with minimal paperwork and no need to manage property.
Example: Dominica’s Economic Diversification Fund and St. Kitts and Nevis’ Sustainable Island State Contribution (also known as the Sustainable Growth Fund).
3. Government bonds
Several citizenship by investment countries allow applicants to purchase government bonds as a low-risk route. The bonds are held for a fixed term, typically five years, and are fully refundable without interest.
Example: St. Lucia’s government bond option is among the most affordable in the Caribbean.
4. Business investment
Some nations provide pathways to citizenship through direct investment in local businesses or by creating jobs for citizens. This supports economic growth while granting investors a stake in the local economy.
Example: Austria requires a significant financial contribution to a business with growth potential and job creation.
5. Bank deposit
A few programs allow citizenship through a fixed-term deposit in a national bank. While less common, it offers a secure and straightforward method for applicants who prefer liquidity.
Example: Egypt’s CBI program includes a deposit option for foreign investors.
Benefits of Getting Citizenship by Investment
Acquiring a second passport through citizenship by investment programs offers more than just convenience—it has become an essential tool for global mobility, wealth protection, and personal security.
According to the Global Intelligence Unit’s Transformation of Citizenship report, “CBI programs have evolved from niche offerings to strategic instruments for investors seeking stability and long-term financial planning, particularly for those from politically or economically unstable regions.”
Here are the main benefits:
1. Enhanced global mobility
A strong second passport provides visa-free travel to hundreds of destinations. St. Kitts and Nevis ranks among the top Caribbean citizenship programs for mobility with visa-free access to 154 countries.
2. Tax optimization and wealth preservation
Many citizenship by investment countries offer favorable tax regimes, including zero capital gains tax, no wealth tax, and exemptions on worldwide income taxes, which is a major advantage for wealthy investors seeking tax efficiency and wealth protection.
3. Improved quality of life
CBI opens doors to world-class education, advanced healthcare systems, and political stability. Programs like Austria score highly on quality of life indexes, making them ideal for families.
4. Family inclusion
Most programs allow inclusion of spouses, dependent children, and even dependent parents, ensuring future generations inherit the same benefits.
5. Security and contingency planning
A second passport acts as a Plan B, providing safe alternative citizenship during geopolitical or economic instability in your home country.
6. Investment opportunities
Programs with real estate investment options give investors the potential for capital gains and rental income, adding an asset diversification component to citizenship.
Alternative to CBI: Top 10 Residency by Investment Programs
While Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs offer direct access to a second passport, many investors prefer Residency by Investment (RBI) programs, commonly known as Golden Visas, due to their flexibility and lower entry costs. These programs grant long-term residency and often provide a path to citizenship after a qualifying period.
1. Portugal Golden Visa
- Minimum investment: €250,000
- Time to citizenship: 5 years
- Residency requirement: 7 days per year
The Portugal Golden Visa is one of the most sought-after residency by investment programs in Europe and the country counts among the best places for expats to live. Investors can qualify through options like:
- Cultural contribution of at least €250,000 to support Portuguese arts or heritage projects.
- Investment fund contribution starting from €500,000 in qualifying funds.
- Job creation or research activities in Portugal.
Key benefits:
- Visa-free access across the Schengen Area.
- Family inclusion (spouse, dependent children, and parents).
- No obligation to relocate with a minimal stay requirement.
2. Greece Golden Visa
- Minimum amount: €250,000 to €800,000
- Time to citizenship: 7 years
- Residency requirement: None
The Greece Golden Visa offers affordable entry into Europe through real estate investment, although minimum amounts vary:
- €250,000 for certain property conversions and historical restorations.
- €400,000 for most areas.
- €800,000 for high-demand regions like Athens.
Applicants can apply for Greek citizenship after seven years of legal residency, provided they meet physical presence requirements.
Key benefits:
- No minimum stay requirement.
- Access to the Schengen Zone.
- Includes family members under one application.
3. Malta Permanent Residence Program (MPRP)
- Minimum amount: €150,000+
- Time to citizenship: 5 years (via naturalization)
- Residency requirement: Minimal
The Malta Permanent Residence Program (MPRP) offers permanent residency in the EU through a mix of contributions and property commitments:
- Government contribution: €28,000 (if buying property) or €58,000 (if renting).
- Real estate purchase or lease: Minimum €10,000 annual rent or €300,000 real estate purchase.
- Charitable donation: €2,000 to a registered NGO.
Applicants can include spouse, dependent children, and parents. After five years of legal residence, naturalization is possible.
Key benefits:
- Permanent residency in Malta with Schengen access.
- Family inclusion and long-term stability.
- Attractive investment amount compared to EU citizenship programs.
4. United States Immigrant Investor Visas
- Minimum amount: $800,000 (TEA) or $1,050,000 (standard)
- Time to citizenship: 5 years
- Residency requirement: 6 months per year
The EB5 Visa grants a Green Card for investors who:
- Invest $800,000 in a Targeted Employment Area (TEA) or $1.05 million elsewhere.
- Create 10 full-time jobs.
The E2 Visa is available for treaty nationals who invest a substantial amount (typically $100,000+) in a US-based business.
Key benefits:
- Get US citizenship after five years via the EB5 Visa.
- Inclusion of family members with work and study rights.
- Access to one of the largest global markets.
5. Italy Golden Visa
- Minimum amount: €250,000
- Time to citizenship: 10 years
- Residency requirement: No strict stay requirement
The Italy Golden Visa is ideal for investors seeking residency in one of Europe’s most desirable destinations. Investment options include:
- €250,000 in an innovative startup.
- €500,000 in an Italian company.
- €1 million in government bonds.
- €1 million donation to a public interest project.
Key benefits:
- Residency in a top European country with no wealth tax on foreign income.
- Schengen Zone access.
- Path to citizenship after 10 years.
6. United Arab Emirates Golden Visa
- Minimum amount: AED 2 million (around $545,000)
- Time to citizenship: No direct path
- Residency requirement: None
The UAE Golden Visa offers 5-to-10-year renewable residency through:
- Real estate investment.
- Bank deposits or business ownership.
- Recognition for exceptional skills.
Key benefits:
- Tax-free environment.
- Residency in a global hub.
- Family inclusion.
7. Serbia Residency by Investment
- Minimum amount: No set minimum
- Time to citizenship: 3 years
- Residency requirement: 183 days per year
The Serbia Residency by Investment program offers one of the fastest paths to citizenship in Europe. Applicants typically qualify by purchasing real estate, with no restrictions on property value or location. Eligible investments include residential apartments, houses, or commercial properties.
After maintaining legal residency for three years, investors can apply for Serbian citizenship by naturalization, making it a highly competitive option for those seeking European residency with future EU prospects.
Key benefits:
- Affordable property investment
- Path to EU access as Serbia moves toward membership
- Family inclusion
8. Latvia Golden Visa
- Minimum amount: €50,000 (business) or €250,000 (real estate)
- Time to citizenship: 5 years
- Residency requirement: None
The Latvia Golden Visa program is designed for non-EU citizens seeking a cost-effective way to gain European residency and Schengen Zone access. Investors can choose between:
- Business investment starting from €50,000 in a Latvian company
- Real estate investment of €250,000 in approved properties
Applicants benefit from a fast-track application process, and the program allows spouses and dependent children to be included. After five years, citizenship is possible subject to residency conditions and language requirements.
Key benefits:
- Low entry threshold for investors.
- No physical stay requirement.
- Visa-free travel within the Schengen Area.
9. Hungary Golden Visa
- Minimum amount: €250,000
- Time to citizenship: 6 years
- Residency requirement: None
The Hungary Golden Visa program has been reintroduced and is officially called the Guest Investor Program (GIP) now. This scheme grants a 10-year renewable residence permit with no minimum stay requirement, making it ideal for mobile investors.
Applicants must invest at least €250,000 in state-approved real estate funds, a secure option that minimizes risk. Citizenship is possible after six years, making Hungary a strategic entry point to the EU and Schengen Zone.
Key benefits:
- No physical stay requirement.
- Secure investment route with government-approved funds.
- Access to Schengen and EU markets.
10. Cyprus Golden Visa
- Minimum amount: €250,000
- Time to citizenship: 7 years
- Residency requirement: None
The Cyprus Golden Visa program offers permanent residency for a minimum €250,000 real estate investment, with no obligation to reside full-time in the country.
While this visa does not grant citizenship immediately, applicants can apply for Cypriot citizenship after seven years of legal residence. The program also allows family inclusion, covering spouse, dependent children, and parents under a single application.
Key benefits:
- Permanent residency in an EU country.
- Option for citizenship after 7 years.
- Strong real estate market and favorable business environment.
Discover the pros and cons of CBI programs according to those who have invested in them: Global RCBI Report
How Can Global Citizen Solutions Help You?
Global Citizen Solutions is a boutique migration consultancy firm with years of experience delivering bespoke residence and citizenship by investment solutions for international families. With offices worldwide and an experienced, hands-on team, we have helped hundreds of clients worldwide acquire citizenship, residence visas, or homes while diversifying their portfolios with robust investments.
We guide you from start to finish, taking you beyond your citizenship or residency by investment application.
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