Education in Turkey: Everything You Need to Know

Thinking about studying or enrolling your child in education in Turkey? You’re not alone—and it’s a smart move. Turkey offers a structured, affordable, and increasingly internationalized education system from pre-school to university.

But here’s the problem: the system can be confusing, with different school types, admission rules, tuition fees, and more.

This guide solves that. We’ll walk you through everything from pre-primary to higher education, so you can make confident, informed choices—whether you’re a parent, student, or expat.

This guide covers:

• Pre-primary education
• Primary education
• Elementary education
• Secondary education
• Higher education
• International schools in Turkey

The Education System in Turkey

The education system in Turkey is designed to align with European and international standards while maintaining its unique cultural values. Structured around 12 years of compulsory education, it is divided into three main stages: primary, elementary, and secondary education, followed by higher education options.

Governed centrally by the Ministry of National Education (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı – MEB), the system ensures nationwide curriculum uniformity and quality standards. Private institutions, while operating independently, must still adhere to national education regulations.

Education policies emphasize:

• Expanding access to early childhood education,
• Strengthening vocational training through specialized high schools,
• Promoting bilingual and multilingual education, especially in private and international schools,
• Encouraging research and innovation at the university level via the Council of Higher Education (YÖK).

Pre-Primary Education in Turkey

Pre-primary education in Turkey, also known as pre-school education, caters to children aged 3–5 years. Though optional, it is strongly encouraged, as it plays a vital role in early childhood development, fostering basic academic skills, creativity, and social behavior.

Programs are available in public and private schools, either as standalone kindergartens or nursery classes within primary schools. These institutions use play-based learning to prepare children for a smooth transition into compulsory primary education, emphasizing communication, foundational academics, and personal development.

Pre-primary schools in Turkey

Primary Education in Turkey

Primary education in Turkey is the first stage of compulsory education, covering grades 1–4 for children aged 6 to 9. It is provided free of charge in public schools and is also available in private schools for those seeking alternative options.

This level focuses on building core academic skills in subjects like Turkish language, mathematics, science, and social studies, while also nurturing ethical values, discipline, and a lifelong love for learning.

Primary schools in Turkey operate under the supervision of the Ministry of National Education, ensuring quality and consistency across all institutions.

Primary schools in Turkey

Elementary Education in Turkey

Elementary education in Turkey spans grades 5–8 and is compulsory for children aged 10 to 13. It builds on the foundation established during primary education and introduces more structured and subject-focused learning.

This level includes subjects like mathematics, science, Turkish language, foreign languages, and social sciences, with specialized teachers for each area. Schools also start emphasizing critical thinking, project work, and individual responsibility.

Elementary education is typically delivered in public and private educational institutions under the guidance of the Ministry of National Education, ensuring nationwide consistency in curriculum and standards.

Secondary Education in Turkey

Secondary education in Turkey covers grades 9 to 12, typically for students aged 14 to 17, and forms the final phase of compulsory education. It is divided into general, vocational, and technical high schools, and students can choose an academic or career-oriented track based on their interests and abilities.

High school students study specialized subjects such as science, mathematics, foreign languages, social sciences, and the arts, with a curriculum designed to prepare them for higher education institutions or direct entry into the workforce.

Types of secondary schools in Turkey

These schools are overseen by the Ministry of National Education and must follow national standards, though private institutions may also incorporate international programs like the IB Diploma or Cambridge curriculum.

Graduates receive a high school diploma, which is a university entrance prerequisite.

Higher Education in Turkey

Higher education in Turkey includes universities, vocational schools, and higher education institutions offering a wide range of academic and professional programs. This stage follows secondary school and is governed by the Council of Higher Education (YÖK).

Students can pursue:

• Associate degrees (2 years, vocational focus)
• Bachelor’s degrees (4 years)
• Master’s degrees (2 years post-bachelor)
• Doctoral programs (3–5 years post-master)

Admission to public universities typically requires success in the nationwide university entrance exam, while private universities may have their criteria. Courses are offered in Turkish and English, with many institutions providing English-taught programs to attract international students.

Turkey is home to over 200 higher education institutions, including top-ranked public and private universities. These institutions are known for their competitive tuition fees, diverse programs, and growing reputation in global education rankings.

Higher education institutions

1. State Universities: Publicly funded institutions providing a wide spectrum of undergraduate and postgraduate programs. They are known for their affordability and extensive research facilities.
2. Foundation (Private) Universities: Established by non-profit foundations, these universities often offer modern campuses and international collaborations. They may have higher tuition fees, but they provide various scholarship opportunities.
3. Higher Vocational Schools: Focused on practical skills and vocational training, these schools offer two-year associate degree programs that prepare students for specific professions.
4. Specialized Institutions: Including conservatories, military academies, and police academies, these institutions provide specialized training in fields like music, defense, and law enforcement.

Top-ranked universities in Turkey

International Schools in Turkey

International schools in Turkey offer globally recognized curricula, making them a top choice for foreign students and expat families. These schools are primarily located in major cities like Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir, and cater to students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.

International schools in Turkey offer instruction in English or the school’s native language, multicultural learning environments, accreditation by international education boards, and state-of-the-art facilities.

Curriculum options include:

• International Baccalaureate (IB)
• British (IGCSE, A-Levels)
• American (High School Diploma, AP)
• German, French, and other national systems

Popular international schools:

For families considering relocation, many international schools support students of families pursuing Turkey citizenship, offering flexible admissions and globally recognized programs.

Tuition Fees for Schools in Turkey

Tuition fees in Turkey vary significantly depending on the type of institution and the student’s residency status. The country offers affordable education options, especially in public universities.

Public universities:

• Turkish-taught programs: Very low or no tuition for Turkish citizens
• English-taught programs: Slightly higher fees for international students
• Average range: $100–$1,500 per year

Private (foundation) universities:

• Typically charge higher tuition fees
• Often provide scholarship programs covering 25%–100% of tuition
• Average range: $3,000–$20,000 per year

International schools:

• Fees depend on grade level and curriculum
• Average range: $6,000–$30,000 per year

Additional costs:

• Books and materials: $100–$300 annually
• Accommodation: $150–$500 monthly
• Living expenses: Approx. $300–$600 per month

Education in Turkey is especially attractive for individuals gaining residency through Turkey citizenship by investment, due to affordable public university tuition rates and access to quality institutions.

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Frequently Asked Questions About Education in Turkey

Does Turkey have good education?

Yes, Turkey has a well-structured education system regulated by the Ministry of National Education. It includes both public and private institutions, with a growing number of internationally accredited programs.

How does education work in Turkey?

Education in Turkey is divided into pre-primary, primary, elementary, secondary, and higher education. There are 12 years of compulsory education, after which students may pursue university or vocational paths.

Is education free in Turkey?

Yes, public education in Turkey is free for all citizens. International students may also attend public universities, though fees can vary depending on the language of instruction and residency status.

How long is the school day in Turkey?

Typically, school hours are from 8:00 AM to 3:00 PM, but this can vary by institution and grade level.

What are the levels of compulsory education in Turkey?

• Primary education: Grades 1–4
• Elementary education: Grades 5–8
• Secondary education: Grades 9–12

What age do children start school in Turkey?

Children usually begin primary education at age 6.

What is the role of the Ministry of National Education in Turkey?

The Ministry regulates curriculum standards, manages teacher training, and oversees all formal and non-formal education institutions nationwide.

Who oversees higher education in Turkey?

The Council of Higher Education (YÖK) supervises universities, sets academic standards, and coordinates national entrance exams.

Can foreign students attend public schools in Turkey?

Yes, foreign students can enroll in public schools and universities in Turkey, especially those with English-taught programs.

Are there English-taught programs in Turkish universities?

Yes, many public and private universities offer English programs, especially in areas such as engineering, business, and medicine.

What are the requirements for university admission in Turkey?

A national entrance exam (YKS) is required for Turkish citizens. Depending on the university, international students may be admitted based on their high school diploma, entrance exams, or SAT/IB scores.