Spanish citizenship by descent allows individuals with Spanish parents, or grandparents in some cases, to acquire citizenship in the country. Those born outside of Spain, but with Spanish ancestry, are also potentially eligible. Spanish citizenship grants access to the EU, the Schengen Area, and allows you to participate politically, both in Spain and the EU.
Our article further explores the benefits of Spanish citizenship, as well as the crucial eligibility criteria, recent 2025 law changes, and a detailed guide on how to apply. Furthermore, we explain visa options that allow you to start your pathway to becoming a Spanish citizen.
Spanish Citizenship by Descent: Key Takeaways
What does this mean for applicants moving forward?
– After October 22, the online appointment system closed.
– Applicants who received a confirmation with an electronic signature (CSV) can submit documents in person after October 22 and will get credentials to schedule an in-person appointment.
– Those who applied by email or letter but did not secure an appointment also needed to use the online system before October 22 to obtain a confirmation with CSV.
– The electronic signature confirmation is required to submit documents in person.
– Keep access to your email and check regularly, including spam, for notifications from the Consulate.
What is Spanish Citizenship by Descent?
Spanish citizenship by descent, or jus sanguinis, allows individuals to apply for citizenship through a direct line of Spanish ancestry, providing a way for descendants of Spanish citizens to reclaim their heritage. Under Spanish immigration law found in article 22 of the Civil Code, this applies to those with a Spanish parent and requires proof of family ties through official documents such as birth and marriage certificates. Applicants must submit their case to the Spanish authorities, who verify the documentation and eligibility.
What are the Benefits of Spanish Citizenship?
When you obtain Spanish nationality through ancestry, you’ll enjoy the following perks:
- EU freedom of movement: Live, work, study, or retire in all 27 EU countries, plus Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, without visas or permits.
- Spanish passport power: Spain ranks 17th globally on the Global Citizen Solutions Passport Index and offers visa-free access to 123 countries, making travel, business, and global mobility easier.
- Healthcare and social security: Access Spain’s high-quality public healthcare system and social benefits across the EU.
- No residency requirement: Citizenship by descent avoids Spain’s long residency requirement, often saving up to 10 years compared to naturalization.
- Political rights: Vote in Spanish national and EU elections and stand for public office.
- Education benefits: Pay lower EU tuition fees at universities across Europe.
- Permanent status: Spanish citizenship is for life, with no visa renewals and full residency rights in Spain.
- Cultural and family connection: Reconnect with Spanish heritage and identity, especially for descendants of families affected by exile or historical hardship.
Who can Apply for Spanish Citizenship by Descent?
You can obtain for Spanish citizenship by descent if:
- Born to a Spanish mother or father: The child automatically acquires Spanish nationality regardless of the year.
- Born in Spain to foreign parents, with at least one parent born in Spain: Under the 1978 Constitution, the child acquires Spanish nationality by birth if one parent was born in Spain (except children of diplomats).
- Born in Spain to stateless foreign parents or those whose nationality laws don’t grant nationality: The child can be declared Spanish at the Civil Registry under the presumption of Spanish nationality, in effect since 1982.
- Children born in Spain whose parents’ identities are unknown: Under the 1982 Nationality Law, a child is presumed to be Spanish by birth if their first known residence is Spanish territory.
- Children under 18 adopted by a Spanish national: Considered Spanish by origin; if over 18, they may opt for nationality within two years of adoption under the 2007 reform of the Nationality Law.
Important note: These rules apply to children whose parents are currently Spanish citizens. In comparison, nationality by option is for individuals whose parent was born in Spain, held Spanish nationality in the past, and later lost it. They could have lost their Spanish citizenship through naturalization, marriage, or another avenue. If you’re applying for Spanish citizenship by descent, you are not required to take the DELE A2 (Spanish language test) or the CCSE (constitutional and cultural knowledge test). DELE A2 (Spanish language test) or the CCSE (constitutional and cultural knowledge test).
What are the Required Documents for Spanish Citizenship by Descent?
Applying for Spanish citizenship by descent requires applicants to submit several official documents. Below is the list of documents you need to apply for Spanish ancestry citizenship. However, the Consular Office may request additional information when necessary to evaluate the application.
| Document | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Declaration form | Completed and signed Spanish citizenship by descent application form by the Spanish parent if the applicant is a minor, or by the applicant themselves if they are of legal age. |
| Birth certificate of the applicant | Original or certified copy, not an extract; issued within the last 12 months; apostilled; official translation required if not in Spanish. |
| Family Book or marriage certificate | Provide the parents’ Family Book, which is a state-issued registry booklet. If unavailable, submit the original and a copy of the civil marriage certificate: Less than 1 year old if from Spain, or recent (within 12 months), original, literal or certified, and apostilled, if foreign. |
| Spanish parent’s birth certificate | Original and copy; issued within the last year. If issued by the same Spanish Consulate, older certificates are accepted. |
| Foreign parent’s birth certificate | Original and copy; not an extract; recent, within 12 months; apostilled; official translation required if not in Spanish. |
| Parent identification: Spanish parent | Valid Spanish passport |
| Parent identification: foreign parent | Valid foreign passport |
| If a parent has passed away | Original and a copy of the death certificate; apostilled if foreign |
| Applicant’s passport | Original and copy of the applicant’s passport |
Please note that any foreign document must be legalized beforehand, either with the Apostille of the Hague Convention or by the Spanish Embassy and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the country where the document was issued. If the document is not in Spanish, a translation by a certified translator recognized by the Spanish Consulate is mandatory.
How to Apply for Spanish Citizenship by Descent
You can submit applications for Spanish ancestry citizenship in person to the Civil Registry, Spanish Consulate, or Embassy. Here is the general application process for how to get Spanish citizenship by descent:
Step 1. Determine eligibility
Through Parents: You qualify if one or both of your parents were Spanish citizens at the time of your birth.
Through Grandparents: If a grandparent was born in Spain or held Spanish citizenship, you may still be able to obtain citizenship, but as of October 2025, this requires one year of legal residence in Spain rather than direct descent, since the grandchildren’s route under the Democratic Memory Law has closed to new applicants.
Step 2. Book an appointment
Schedule an appointment with your local Spanish Embassy, Consulate, or Civil Registry Office. Provide your name, phone number, and the reason for your visit, citizenship by descent application.
Step 3. Prepare your documents
Gather documents proving your relationship to your Spanish ancestor, including birth, marriage, death certificates, proof of identity, and proof of your ancestor’s Spanish nationality. Ensure all foreign documents are apostilled and translated into Spanish by an official translator.
Step 4. Submit your application
Attend your scheduled appointment and submit your completed application form along with the required documents. If you’re a minor, your parents must apply on your behalf. In cases of divorced or separated parents, written consent from the non-applying parent may be necessary. The authorities, such as the Administración del Estado, may ask for further documentation or clarification, so keep extra copies and backups of all your papers.
Step 5. Await a decision
The processing time varies depending on the consulate or registry office. If your application is successful, you’ll be registered as a Spanish citizen.
Final Step. Obtain your Spanish citizenship and passport
Once your citizenship is officially granted, you can apply for a Spanish passport and national ID card (DNI). This marks the completion of your journey to becoming a recognized Spanish citizen. If your parents’ marriage or divorce occurred outside Spain, ensure it is registered with the Spanish Civil Registry. This keeps your citizenship status clear and undisputed for future generations.
Spanish Citizenship by Decent Application Processing Time
Applications for Spanish citizenship by descent can take a few months for the children of Spanish nationals and up to a few years for those applying through a grandparent born in Spain. Due diligence and processes for verifying and confirming all the information provided determine the total duration.
How much does it cost to apply for Spanish Citizenship by Descent?
When applying for Spanish citizenship by descent, there is an application fee which will vary by consulate but is usually €104. It is important to note that you might be asked to submit additional documentation, such as birth certificates or marriage certificates.
All documents issued outside Spain may need to be authenticated or “apostilled” and translated by a certified translator. The cost of translation is usually from €60 to €80 per document, depending on the complexity and length of the documents.
Can you hold dual citizenship in Spain?
Spanish dual citizenship is a complex matter as the Spanish government doesn’t provide the universal right to dual citizenship for new citizens. Some nations with special exceptions like France are allowed dual citizenship but most nationalities are not.
According to the Global Passport Index by Global Citizen Solutions, the Spanish passport ranks 17th overall and 6th on the Quality of Life Index. It offers visa-free access, visa-on-arrival, and electronic visas to 184 countries, making it a strong option for global mobility. Spanish citizenship offers many benefits as part of an EU member state, including the freedom to travel freely across Europe and beyond.
Other Spanish Citizenship Routes
| Type of Citizenship | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Citizenship by Naturalization | Foreigners can apply for Spanish citizenship after legally residing in Spain. The standard requirement is 10 years of residence. This is reduced to 5 years for refugees, 2 years for nationals of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal or for persons of Sephardic origin, and 1 year in certain special cases (such as being born in Spain, married to a Spaniard, or being a child or grandchild of Spaniards). Applicants must demonstrate good civic conduct, integration into Spanish society and show sufficient command of the Spanish language. |
| Citizenship by Marriage | A foreigner married to a Spanish citizen may apply for Spanish citizenship after one year of legal residence in Spain and one year of marriage. The marriage must be valid and registered in Spain (or recognized in Spain). The applicant must show integration and language competence (DELE A2) unless exempted. |
| Citizenship by Birth | Children born to at least one Spanish parent are Spanish citizens by birth. In other cases, children born in Spain to foreign parents may acquire citizenship if they would otherwise be stateless or if other specific conditions apply. Note that Spain does not grant automatic citizenship simply by being born in Spain (jus soli) in most cases. |
| Citizenship by residence | One year of residence is required if you are married to a Spanish citizen, including cases where the spouse became Spanish under the Democratic Memory Law and the partner later joins through family reunification, or if you are aged 20 or older and are the child or grandchild of a Spanish citizen. In these cases, applicants may need to renounce their original nationality, except citizens of Latin American countries (including Puerto Rico), the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, France, and Brazil, who may acquire dual citizenship. |
| Citizenship by Option | This route applies to children born abroad with at least one Spanish parent. It is available to individuals who are children of Spanish citizens by origin, including those whose parents were born in Spain or acquired Spanish nationality under the Democratic Memory Law or through citizenship by residency. The application must be submitted before the applicant turns 20 years old. These individuals are allowed to hold dual nationality. For applicants aged 20 or older, Spanish citizenship can only be obtained through the residence route, as there is currently no direct option for citizenship by descent. |
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